Introduction

Specialty polymers, also known as engineering polymers, are a class of synthetic materials that exhibit unique and enhanced properties compared to common commodity plastics like polyethylene and polypropylene. Through modification at the molecular level, specialty polymers can be engineered to withstand extreme temperatures, resist chemicals, insulate electricity, and perform countless other specialized functions.

Thermoplastic Elastomers

Thermoplastic elastomers (TPEs) are a versatile group of specialty polymers that combine the processing benefits of thermoplastics with the physical properties of rubber. With elastomer segments joined by thermoplastic segments, TPEs are both moldable like hard plastics and rubbery like conventional elastomers. Common applications include automobile hoses, belts, seals and gaskets where flexibility, resilience and recyclability are valued. TPEs are gaining adoption in new areas like flexible tubing for medical devices and electronics where their self-sealing properties provide needed durability and leak resistance. Continuous technological advancements are expanding the boundaries of TPE material performance and end-use potential.

High Performance Engineering Resins

Engineering resins are thermoplastic polymers engineered for superior mechanical, thermal and chemical resistance. Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) is a high-performance engineering resin valued for its strength, rigidity and ability to withstand high temperatures up to 260°C continuously. PEEK finds application in demanding industries like aerospace, automotive and medical where weight savings, fatigue resistance and biocompatibility are important. Polyphenylene sulfide (PPS) is another engineering resin well-suited for electrical/electronic components and connectors due to its self-lubricating properties, heat resistance up to 180°C and resistance to moisture, chemicals and flame. New generations of PEEK and PPS are bringing even higher strength, higher heat resistance and better manufacturability to support more complex product designs.

Conductive Polymers

Conductive polymers harness materials science to impart electrical conductivity (and sometimes also optical properties) to traditionally insulating plastics. Polyaniline was one of the first commercially successful conductive polymers when developed in the late 1980s. It has found use in electrostatic discharge materials, battery electrodes, and anticorrosion coatings due to a combination of low cost and acceptable electrical properties. More recently, inherently conductive polymers like polythiophenes and polypyrroles have been engineered into stable, processible forms unlocking applications as antistatic coatings, sensors, actuators and organic electronics like OLED displays. Continuous advances in synthesis and doping chemistry are helping conductive polymers realize their full potential to revolutionize next-generation technologies.

Liquid Crystal Polymers

Liquid crystal polymers (LCPs) are a class of high-performance thermoplastics that exhibit unique liquid crystalline or ordered anisotropic molecular structures. The rigid, aromatic backbone of LCP materials endows them with outstanding mechanical properties including very high strength and stiffness, low viscosity melt flow for processing, and superior dimensional stability. Common LCPs include Vectra, Xydar and Zenite which see heavy use in applications where strength, lightweight and heat resistance are important, such as connectors, electrical insulation, microelectronics as well as aircraft and car interiors. New LCP formulations aim to further lower melt viscosity while maintaining high glass transition temperatures, facilitating injection molding and lower cost manufacturing.

Biomedical Polymers

Biocompatible polymers play an essential role in modern medicine, improving quality of life through implants, prosthetics and diagnostic devices. Nylon is a key material for sutures, ligatures and meshes in soft tissue repair due to its balance of strength, flexibility and durability in the body. Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) has become a preferred material for orthopedic implants due its biocompatibility and compatibility with MRI/CT scans. Silicone polymers have a long history of use in breast implants and are being developed into novel tissue engineering applications. Newer polymers like poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) show promise for advanced drug delivery applications by engineering controlled degradation. Commercial availability of naturally-derived polymers like alginate and chitosan also expand opportunities for tissue regeneration therapies.

Specialty Coatings and Adhesives

Specialty polymers play critical roles as protective and functional coatings. Fluoropolymers like polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and perfluoroalkoxy (PFA) offer unparalleled non-stick and corrosion resistance as coatings for chemical processing equipment, architectural membranes and medical devices. Polyurethane dispersions provide high performance coatings for leather, textiles, wood and construction materials due to their toughness, flexibility and outstanding adhesion. As biomedical needs grow, new bioabsorbable polymers are enabling innovative resorbable surgical sutures, glues and bone cement formulations. Conductive polymer coatings show promise for applications in electronic displays, photovoltaics, fuel cells and smart textiles of the future. Advanced polymer adhesives continue pushing the boundaries of bonding strength, reliability and processing versatility across all industries.

Emerging Applications

While specialty polymers already impact our daily lives in numerous ways, continued materials innovation points the way to even more revolutionary future applications. Advances in stimuli-responsive 'smart' polymers may lead to adaptive biological scaffolds, dynamically tunable optical devices, or artificial muscles. The convergence of polymers with nanotechnology enables new nanocomposites combining macro-scale functionality with nano-scale control of properties.